Concepts of epidemiology (HIV) Essay

Communicable diseases are global health issues nowadays as the world become globalized by increasing international travel and business. Among many of communicable diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. It has spread rapidly throughout the whole world from the continent of Africa since it was first reported in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). By 1987, it had spread to 100 countries, by 2001, HIV became the leading infectious cause of death in the world. Scientists believe a similar virus to HIV first found in animals such as chimps and monkeys in Africa, where Africans are hunted for food. While they contact with an infected animal’s blood during butchering or cooking, the virus might cross into humans and become HIV (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). HIV causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). Having HIV does not always mean having AIDS. To develop AIDS, it take many years for people with HIV. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa is devastating because it disrupts family life, leaving many children without parents’ support. Reduced workforces in African society impact socioeconomic issues as well. These days, HIV/AIDS are not only problems in the African continent, but they are now also seen in every continent in the entire world. As of 2008, United Nations (UN) general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS estimated that there were roughly 33-4 million people living with HIV, 2.7 million new infections of HIV, and 2 million deaths from AIDS. According to the Center of Disease Control(CDC), about 1.1 million people in the U.S. had been diagnosed with AIDS since the disease diagnosed in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). A person gets HIV when an infected person’s body fluids such as  blood, semen, fluids from vagina or breast milk get into his or her bloodstream. This virus can enter the bloodstream through linings in the mouth, anus, or sex organs through broken skin. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells which is same as T-cells in white blood cells (Moss, 2013). When a person has lower number of CD4 cells in the blood than normal, he or she is susceptible to illnesses because the person lost ability to fight infection. Unsafe sexual activity, transfusion of HIV infected blood, sharing needles and syringes with people with HIV, HIV infected mothers’ pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding are all risk factors for HIV infection. World Health Organization(WHO) found that 80% of cases of HIV/AIDS infections happened by unsafe sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. Stigma, discrimination, misconception, local social and cultural taboos also contribute to increasing number of HIV infections in developing countries where people do not talk about them or people are not educated about them. Early symptoms of HIV infection are fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, cough, headache, blurred and distorted vision, skin rashes or bumps, and shortness of breath(Moss, 2013). People infected with HIV progress to AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls down below 200 or when they develop complications such astuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomegalovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosiporidiosis, and cancers including Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphomas. Other complications can include wasting syndrome, neurological complications, and kidney disease(Moss, 2013).AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection and life threatening. If a person with HIV does not receive treatment, the disease progresses to AIDS in about 10 years (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Good news is that there is a treatment with antiviral medication for HIV infection even though there is no complete cure for HIV/AIDS. As soon as a person is diagnosed as HIV-positive, a variety of drugs can be used in combination to control this virus. The Department of Health and Human Services recommend that everyone with HIV infection must be offered antiviral medications regardless of T-cells count in order to restrict replication and duplication of the virus. HIV medications are more widely available than ever. They expand the lifespan of people with HIV. Not only drug regimen, but healthy life style such as eating healthy foods including fish oil and whey protein, avoiding certain foods including unpasteurized  dairy products, raw eggs, and raw seafood, getting vaccine, obtaining coping skills contribute to reducing further complication of HIV/AIDS (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Prevention is the most important through education on safe sexual activity, safe care of blood transfusion, protective care of pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding among mothers with HIV/AIDS, etc. The epidemiologic triangle is composed of agent, host, and environment. These three are interrelated to spread the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. For example, the agent factor is the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus that is transmitted directly through infected blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes, and breast feeding from infected mother or indirectly through broken skin by unsafe and unprotected sexual contact. The host factors are people. They can be either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. People who are diagnosed as HIV-negative are susceptible hosts who can be infected by people who are diagnosed HIV-positive if they have unsafe sexual activity or receive unsafe health care. The environmental factors can be social and economic conditions such as poverty, crowding, and frequent mobility of people that carry agents easily to other environments. If the environment is less habitable, the host susceptibility is reduced, and the agent source is also reduced or eliminated as well. All three factors may be altered to improve community resistance to HIV infection (Maurer & Smith, 2009) Host AgentEnvironment Figure 1 HIV Epidemiologic Triangle The community and public health nurses play an important role through their tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. 1. Responsibility of primary prevention; Community and public health nurses are in the front line to assess a person, family, and communities for epidemiologic agents, susceptible hosts, and favorable environments. Nurses are responsible for educating people in the community about the causes and spread of the virus. Since 80% of HIV infection occurs by sexual contact with an HIV infected person, abstinence or advocacy of the use of condoms and other protective measures during sexual activity must be taught to people of all ages at risk, young or old, male or female. Safe  administration of blood, safe use of needles and syringes, safe breast-feeding, and protective health care of mothers with HIV during pregnancy or delivery must also be taught and performed as well for primary prevention. 2. Responsibility of secondary prev ention: Despite education and prevention efforts, reducing HIV infection is challenging. In 2009, CDC reported, youth, ages 13-29, accounted for 39% of all new HIV infections in the U.S.(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). Nurses are responsible for secondary prevention through effective intervention. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS , yet medication regimen help improve life expectancy by preventing HIV-related complications. Combination of medications at least three of antiretroviral can be used to control the virus(Moss, 2013). Nurses should encourage people who receive antiretroviral therapy of 3 to5 combination pills to be compliant with prescribed medications as scheduled. However, combination of antiretroviral cost a lot and are not available in poor countries. WHO support these countries that drug companies provide medications at low cost. Community health care providers suggest voluntary counseling and testing for HIV treatment programs as good strategies. By the help of trained counselors, patients in the community can learn their HIV status and register for treatment as needed. In South Carolina, since the number of young adults with new HIV infection is increased, a new intervention program is designed for young adults that is called HIV/AIDS information vaccine, using graphic novels(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). 3. Responsibility of tertiary prevention; Since HIV/AIDS is incurable and at risk in progression gradually, community and public health nurses can focus on enhancing or optimizing their quality of life. HIV is not only a physiological stressor, but also a significant psychological stressor. Many of HIV positive patient suffer with depression and suicidal ideation. According to the study, these psychological symptoms among HIV-positive people are associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (Dalmida, 2006). By evidence of research, depressive mood affects neuropeptide receptor on lymphocytes and lead to decreased CD4 cell count(Dalmida, 2006). Spiritual practice and mental care for HIV-positive people are beneficial to relax sympathetic nervous system and enhance immune function (Rabin 1999). According to the holistic view of human being, an awareness of one’s spiritual self is very important to extend life span with optimal wellness  increasing greater satisfaction with life. (Rabin, 1999). Community and public health nurses have a role in such responsibilities in order to make a person, family and community different and healthier by providing coping skills with spiritual activities for people who are infected by HIV and who are suffering with AIDS. AIDS United is an organization that carries its mission in the U.S. to end the epidemic of AIDS since 1987. This organization has funded to local communities for syringe access, access to care, capacity building, HIV prevention and advocacy. AIDS United supports community-driven to HIV epidemic around the nation that reach populations with HIV/AIDS including gay and bisexual men and women, adolescents in school. References Albright, K.S., Gavigan, K. (2014) Information Vaccine: using Graphic Novels as an HIV/AIDS prevention resource for young adults. Journal of Education for Library & Information Science; Spring 2014, Vol.55 Issue 2, p178-185. Retrieved from GCU library. Coleman, C.L., Holzemer, W.L. (1999). Spirituality, psychological well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. peplau & D.Perlman (Eds), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.224-237). New York: Wiley-Inter-science. Retrieved from Grand Canyon University(GCU) Library. Dalmida, S.G. (2006). Spirituality, Mental Health, Physical Health, and Health-related quality of life among women with HIV/AIDS: Integrating spirituality into mental health care. Issues in Mental health nursing. Vol. 27. Retrieved from GCU library. Maurer, F.A., Smith, C.M. (2009) Community/Public Health Nursing Practice: Health for families and populations (4th ed.)[Saunders Version] Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http://evolve.elsevier.co m Moss, J.A. (2013) HIV/AIDS Review. Journal of Radiologic Technology, 2013 Jan 1; 84(3) pp. 247-270. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from GCU library. MayoClinic (n.d.). Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/con-20013732 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) http://www.cdc.org/cough/index.htm World Health Organization(WHO) http://www.who.int

A Dream Deferred – a Literary Comparison

The Dream Deferred – A Comparison Kristy Andrews Axia College of University of Phoenix In Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes' poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A Raisin in the Sun has a dream for which they base their whole happiness and livelihood on attaining. However, the character of Lena Younger, or Mama, differs from the other members of her family. Time after time, Mama postpones her dream of owning a house and garden to perpetuate the dreams of her family members. Finally, when Mama receives the $10,000 insurance check, she feels that her dream can become reality, and purchases a house in Clybourne Park. Her dream â€Å"drys up like a raisin in the sun† when she learns that Walter gave the money to Willy Harris, who mysteriously disappears. Mama does not shatter simply because her dream has not been fulfilled. Lena Younger's strength of character has come from the steadfast endurance of hardship and a refusal to be conquered by it† (Phillips 51). Mama's economic hardships may have killed her dream, but she has not allowed it to kill her. You can feel the desperation not only in the poem but also through the character of Mama as you read the passages of the poem and story. The symbolism of â€Å"the dream† in A Rai sin in the Sun is equal to the symbolism used in the poem by Hughes. In the story, we see what can happen to a dream that is deferred, which is what the poem speaks directly about. The social inequality which the Younger's encounter also does not hinder Mama's compassion. Mr. Lindner temporarily shatters Mama's dream of owning a home when he comes to the Younger’s prepared to give them money to move from Clybourne Park. The derogatory use of â€Å"you people† by Mr. Lindner has little to no effect on Mama's steadfast decision to move to Clybourne Park. Mama's dream of a house simply modifies. She does not care that the house is located in a neighborhood where there are no colored people. Mama concerns herself only with the fact that she and her family will own the house and not have to dwell in the tired, old apartment on Chicago's south side. In a sense, Mama's dream has â€Å"crusted and sugared over like a sugary sweet† (Hughes Lines 7-8). Her dream has changed to fit the circumstances she must cope with. The character of Mama represents those who do not shrivel up and die just because their dream does. Walter Lee Younger, Lena's son, is second only to Lena in arousing sympathy and pathos from the audience. The entire play shows the development of Walter's quest for manhood. Similar to Lena, Walter's dream of owning a liquor store becomes hindered by his economic station, or lack of money, and his social position. In the opening scenes of A Raisin in the Sun, Walter does not occupy the position of head of the household. This secondary position to Mama demonstrates his frustration with his limiting environment, and even Walter's job show subservience and inequality as a chauffeur to wealthy white people. Elizabeth Phillips comments, â€Å"Consequently, he [Walter] is forever on the lookout for a means of making more money, not only to enable him to give luxuries as well as necessities, but also to satisfy the deep inner need of every man to prove that he is capable of great achievement† (54). Walter's great achievement appears as a failure at first before revealing the man that he has become. The destruction of Walter's first and superficial dream of owning a liquor store perpetuates Walter's downfall. This symbolizes Langston Hughes' question, â€Å"Does it [a dream deferred] stink like rotten meat? â€Å": (Line 6). The death of Walter's dream occurs when Willy Harris disappears with Walter's and Bobo's money. Walter finally understands Lena's sacrifice for him and the family with the words, â€Å"That money is made out of my father's flesh†¦ † (Hansberry 1747). Walter's lost dream rots his strength until he sinks to his lowest point in the play: Walter plans to accept the money from Mr. Lindner in return for agreement not to move into the house in Clybourne Park. â€Å"But in the ultimate test, Walter Lee cannot sell his own soul† (Phillips 55). The pride of both Walter and the family makes it impossible for Walter to accept Mr. Lindner's offer. Walter's final stand made to Mr. Lindner provokes Lena to announce to the family that Walter Lee has â€Å"finally come into his manhood† (Hansberry 1757). Walter lee Younger represents those who rise above their own weaknesses even after all the dreams they work for have been deferred. The character of Beneatha Younger illustrates the best-educated member of the Younger family. Beneatha dreams of becoming a doctor. This dream originates from a childhood experience where a playmate injured himself while sledding, but a doctor was able to save him, with only a small scar left as evidence of the accident. This left Beneatha with the determination to learn medicine. Beneatha's obstacles differ greatly from both Walter's and Lena's. First, Beneatha is only twenty years old, and attractive. Women such as Beneatha were expected to marry and have children, not become a doctor or have any education pasts that of high school. Second, Beneatha's extreme naivete towards the world around her affects her perception of her family's and Asagai's actions and words. When Beneatha learns of Walter's loss of the money, she calls into question whether she will ever be a doctor. Mama reassures her that she will, God willing. Beneatha responds by blaspheming God. The deferment of Beneatha's dream causes her faith to â€Å"fester like a sore and then run† (Hughes Lines 4-5). Beneatha's faith had not wavered before, but now that all she has ever wanted is precariously hanging in the balance, she questions if God exists at all and that maybe it is man â€Å"who makes miracles,† referring sarcastically to her brother's grievous mistake. Beneatha feels that all that she has worked for since she was a child has been stolen from her. This burden of doubt, â€Å"sags like a heavy load† (Lines 9-10). However, Joseph Asagai offers the solution of coming with him to Nigeria and becoming a doctor there, which fulfills both of her dreams of finding her African heritage and becoming a physician. Beneatha demonstrates her immaturity be her naive interpretations of Asagai's actions and words (Phillips 59). She misunderstands Asagai's proposal of marriage, and is unable to give the man who loves her so much and understands her so well a concrete answer. Beneatha's complex character reveals another hidden quality towards the conclusion of the play. After Walter's confrontation with Mr. Lindner, Mr. Lindner states pompously, â€Å"I take it then that you have decided to occupy† (Hansberry 1756). The simplicity of Beneatha's reply is illustrates in the statement, â€Å"That is what the man said† (1756). Beneatha executes an ironic reversal where she refers to Walter as ‘the man' and not the white Mr. Lindner. Hansberry indicates with the previous statement that Beneatha has the capacity to recognize greatness in others as well as the ability to respond with warmth and love to words and acts of family pride and dignity. Beneatha still encompasses some immaturity, but she shows great potential for good. Beneatha Younger symbolizes the immature person whose dreams are not completely decimated. The strength of character against social and economic hardships produce dreams that have the potential to prosper. The affects of a dream deferred vary intensely from person to person, as seen in the variety of characterization in the Younger family. Lorraine Hansberry draws a vivid description of the influence a dream can have on human beings. Similarly, Langston Hughes' poem Harlem depicts how human beings react when a dream dies. Edward J. Mullen notes that Hughes' poem represents the idea that, â€Å"the inhabitants of this 1951 Harlem seem to be seeking feverishly and forlornly for some simple yet apparently unattainable satisfaction in life† (142). Both Hansberry's play and Hughes' poem establish a powerful and human reaction to the death of a dream. The eloquence and reality of this is believable and almost felt personally by the reader due to the excellent use of symbolism, imagery, and other literary devices by each author. It is very easy to see how these two literary works are similar since they re dealing with exactly the same theme; i. e. that of the dream deferred. However, remarkably there are also several differences. Since the poem by Hughes is of modest length, there are not nearly as many literary devices used for this type of literary work. However, it is the more powerful of the two in bringing the message across because you feel the same feelings after reading it even though it takes merely seconds to finish. Hansberry takes us through a heart-felt journey in which she hones her writing skills and uses several literary devices such as characterization, irony, and climax. She has a protagonist and antagonist, a setting, and makes use of allegory where â€Å"every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical event. † (Braiman) A Raisin in the Sun provides a compelling allegory of human nature, illustrating choices made and the consequences of such choices through its sharply-defined characters. Clearly these two literary works have similar as well as different aspects. They both include mood, tone, similar themes, and symbolism, and yet they both are introduced to the reader in very different ways. These works, although written many years before some of the people who read them, are very important to the literary canon today. They represent something that is still a part of our culture today, and they are very useful references to show how an author can use many different literary devices to capture the same initial theme when writing, especially since they are two totally different types of literary work; i. e. that of poetry and plays. It should be â€Å"required reading† for any professor teaching the techniques of writing when teaching about literary devices and how they are used. Bibliography Hansberry Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. [1959] Literature. 5th ed. Eds. James N. N. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, O. 1700-57. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Harlem. † [1951] Literature. 5th ed. Eds. James H. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 1027-28. Mullen, Edward J. Critical Essays on Langston Hughes. Boston: G. K. Hall, 142. Phillips, Elizabeth C. The Works of Lorraine Hansberry. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. 48-62. Braiman, Jay. â€Å"Mr. Braiman’s English Online. † http://mrbraiman. hom. att. net/lit. htm.

A Narrative Essay about Education

The history of human beings as put forth by the bible and other informal sources reflects on major aspects of human beings efforts to subdue the earth. In it, the history of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of humanity can be found as some of the earliest aspects of human beings that offer a distinction between man and other creatures.For instance, education has been the mainstay of many communities’ earliest practices this is seen through efforts by such communities’ generations to propagate its cultural, social, traditions, morality, religion, knowledge and skills to the next generation. Such informal efforts are what form the basis of the modern education system (Farrant J.S, 1980). Education can therefore be said to be the process of inculcating worthwhile knowledge, skills and attitudes to individuals with the main aim of permanently and positively changing them.This paper will implore the various dimensions of education, its dynamics, its use its developmen t, the key players, problem it faces, its benefits and lastly an independent position taken in respect to the world’s trends of education.Uses of educationEducation (teaching/ learning) can be grouped into three dimensions i.e. formal non-formal and informal dimensions. The formal dimension encompasses learning that takes place in school classrooms; non-formal encompasses learning that takes place in school clubs, societies, games and sports while the informal takes place in unstructured informal interactions between learners themselves or with other people (Farrant J.S, 1980).However, whether offered in a formal, non-formal or even informal dimension, education (learning) process needs to address the following four main aspects in order to be meaningful and impacting. These aspects include; who will be educated? What institution will control education? Who will offer the financial support? Lastly, why do certain get different quality of education?For instance, many jurisdict ions have struggled formulate education systems that seeks to fully put into consideration the inherent needs of its population. Therefore, they formulate schools and institutions; they offer budgetary allocation and set standards of placing various groups of students into respective educational levels according to their academic abilities (Theodore, 1994).It will be hollow talk and a mere waste of resources if the human kind continues putting much of their ideological and material efforts to a thing that does not offer any substantial value to their lives. Education as seen earlier in the introduction part is as old as the human origin and hence its value to human beings is enormous.According to Susan Bassett’s article, â€Å"what is education for?† (The education revolution, 2007) education is about children growing up into adults who will have a sense of understanding in the world they inhabit. This education will therefore make them internalize the essence behind t he casting of votes in the elections, why things like preventive healthcare are necessary, why history remains important in the modern society and so on.

3.Show how the 1989 White Paper Working for Patients changed the NHS Essay

3.Show how the 1989 White Paper Working for Patients changed the NHS. Evaluate the reasons for these NHS reforms - Essay Example The white paper had a collection of proposed objectives, as well as of proposals, which the government deemed as essential change tools. Nevertheless, the white paper’s contents have had very great impacts in the NHS, both positive and negative. A vast number of reforms have been realized over the years as a result of the changes imposed by the inception of the white paper. The body’s operations have taken a new direction over the years, a factor marked by success in the change implementation processes (New Scientist magazine 24). The white paper by the government whose logo was â€Å"working for patients† entailed a set of objectives and proposals, which were considered by the health department as a programme that was dreadful for NHS reformation. The main emphasis was the need for research as well as a better system of research result translation to meet the intended goals. The government looked forward to see a translation of medical research results into effective health care practices. Alongside other proposed NHS amendments by the 1989 government’s white paper, there were two main objectives. First, the government sought to improve its capacity in the control of the NHS cost and output in all its operations. The main intention of this was to formulate the health care providers into reliable beings to the government as well as the patients. This objective was raised out of the realization that administration and control had posed many problems since the inception of the organ. Additionally, the government had realized that there existed a lot of autonomy in the clinics by the car providers; where no other person would have been allowed to have control over the operations of the NHS (Klein 64). On the other hand, The NHS needed to operate on a ground that would offer efficiency; hence, the government intended to spearhead the kind of improvement. The key areas that needed

Specific Language Impairment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Specific Language Impairment - Essay Example ely affects educational performance. The content of language refers to what individuals talk about or understand. The form of language refers to the shape and sound of the units of language and their combinations such as word endings, the words, or sentence structure. The use of language refers to the reasons why individuals speak and the ways they construct conversations depending upon what they know about the listener and the context. The child with language impairment may have difficulty in any or all of these areas furthermore it is fundamental to education because it is the major form of representation and articulation of knowledge and the principal medium of instruction. Language impairment can be further broken down into receptive and expressive language impairments. It may be helpful to determine that the impairment is receptive or an expressive or both, prior to examining form, content, and its specific affect on mathematical development. A child whose major problem is with receptive lang... behaviours as compared to children with expressive language difficulties, Also they are more likely to experience social and behavioural problems and to be the target for bullying. Their measures of cognitive and language performance tend to be consistent over time, but ratings or measures of behavioural difficulties are more variable they show higher level of behavioural, emotional, and social adjustment difficulties. A child with expressive language impairment has difficulty with the production of language that adequately represents the child intended message and may include problems with word retrieval, word use, sentence formulation, and/or conversational skills. The following characteristics may indicate difficulties in producing language. The child speaks in words, phrases, incomplete or inaccurate sentences, relies upon gesture to supplement or substitute for oral language, uses pronouns, plurals, and possessives incorrectly, has difficulty with the agreement of subjects and verbs, , has difficulty telling a story or describing an event or procedure in a logical sequence, uses run-on sentences, has limited expressive vocabulary, has difficulty finding the appropriate word (s) to express meaning, overuses filler words such as "ah" or "um". Language being the mode of communication is very important in comprehension, organization and for the articulation knowledge, As far as it affect on mathematical development is concerned the further areas such as oral language impairment, the use of language in instruction and assessment, the phonological process impairment, the role of working memory in knowledge of numbers, Basic Calculation, Knowledge of Combinations, and Story Problems and the counting process, principles will highlight the important details that

My Genre-ation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Genre-ation - Research Paper Example Die Soldaten’s audio quality is superior due to the advanced technology available then and better recording techniques. This piece is a more dramatic composition different from La Traviata. It depicts extreme human emotions as that of fear, outrage and aggression. Die Soldaten requires 16 singing and 10 speaking roles apart from one hundred piece orchestra involving instruments ranging from stringed-instruments, to wind instruments, and unusual folk percussion instruments. It is bounded by the strict 12 tone music and exhibits a high degree of complexity despite its detailed design for a stage performance. Die Soldaten uses superior technology like, film screens, projectors, tape recorders and loudspeakers in addition to special effects. The orchestra is composed of flutes, oboes, clarinets, trumpets, bass clarinet, alto saxophone, bassoons, horns, trombones, bass tuba, timpani, crotales, cymbals, gongs, tamtams, tambourine, bongos, tomtoms, tumba, friction drum, triangles, cow bells, tubular bells, whips, castanets, guiro, maracas, xylophone, marimba, vibraphone, guitar, harps, glockenspiel, celesta, harpsichord, piano and strings. The composition is titled as La Traviata and was written in the mid 19th century during the Romantic Era of Classic Music. It was first performed live in front of an audience on 6th of March in 1853. La Traviata though embellished with symphonic ornamentation and decorated with lyrical prose and other elements of a full-fledged Opera like: heavy costumes, dominant instrument orchestration and vocal choir, presents strong and clear emotions by the leading characters. As observed in the musical pieces in La Traviata, specifically in Act 1, â€Å"the drinking act† where â€Å"Violetta† the leading character is seen to be drinking and making merry, the piece encompasses human desperation in relationships and the irresistible lure

Corona positive and negative effect on high voltage technology ( Research Paper

Corona positive and negative effect on high voltage technology ( engineering) - Research Paper Example The process by which a current flows into a neutral fluid (air) from an electrode with high potential, by ionizing the fluid in order to create a plasma region around the electrode, is known as corona discharge. Charge is then passed to the nearby areas of lower potential by the ions, or the ions may recombine and form neutral gas molecules. A large enough potential gradients at a point cause the fluid at that point to be ionized and become conductive. A charged object with a sharp point causes the electric field strength around the point to be much higher than elsewhere. When the air around this point becomes conductive, it increases the apparent size of the conductor, making the new conductive region less sharp. This makes the ionization region not able to extend past this local region. Outside the region of conductivity and ionization, the charged particles will find their way to an opposite charged object where they will be neutralized. During the formation of corona, the air around the conductor becomes conductive. This leads to a virtual increase in the effective diameter of the conductor. Due to the increased diameter, the electro-static stresses reduce between the conductors. This reduces the maximum voltage gradient between the conductors. Coronas can be used to eliminate particulate matter from the air streams. The air is first charged, the charged stream is passed through a comb of alternating polarity. This is done to deposit the charged particles onto the oppositely charged plates Corona is able to generate sound energy during its activity. This audible noise can be able to increase during foul weather conditions especially with a lot of rain. Rainwater drops may collect at the surface of the conductors thereby increasing the corona activity, which will make the humming, or crackling sound to be heard especially near transmission lines. Corona is also responsible for causing radio frequency noise especially near transmission lines.

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not Essay

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not - Essay Example Drone strikes attacks in Pakistan and other bases should be stopped because innocent lives are being taken, the local population of both the U.S. and Pakistan are against these attacks, as they do not agree that this is the way eliminate terrorists. Also, relationship between the U.S. and Pakistan are weakening and such attacks increase the number of terrorists instead of decreasing it. The purpose of the drone strikes attack is to eliminate terrorists but not kill the innocent civilians, if the drone strikes attack would has the chance to hurt those local civilians, we should stop using the drone strikes and find another way to eliminate the terrorists. It has been reported by Dawn.com that the death of 1 terrorist caused by drone attacks conducted by US results in the death of 140 innocent civilians of Pakistan (Dawn.com, 2012). The report even stated that during 2009, a total of 44 drone strikes attacks were launched on Pakistan and these caused the death of 700 innocent civilians of Pakistan and only killed 5 members of the Taliban (Dawn.com, 2012). This has made the accuracy of drone strikes questionable because during 2009, drone strikes attacks were only able to achieve success of 11% (Dawn.com, 2012). For example, the insight for drone strikes attacks is gained by information collected that is not always accurate. U.S. drone strikes attacks may end up killing several innocent people just on the basis of false information or not accurately identify terrorist targets. Because the drone strikes doesn’t operate by human when it’s implementing the action, once it collected the wrong information even navigate to the residential district, the drone strikes would still make the action because it can’t analysis the data but only implement the order. The aim of the war on terrorist is to reduce and eliminate terrorist groups and individuals but using the drone strikes may kill the innocent people. Replacing the drone strikes with foot soldier s is a completely failed idea. Foot soldiers can not be replaced as foot soldiers are aware of the exact locations of the terrorists and they have the ability to make timely decisions to avoid any civilian casualties. Another reason is the drone strikes attacks conducted on Pakistan and Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists and terrorist organization. Baker institute blog’s research states that according to Fawaz Gerges who is a well-know analyst of terrorist movements, the drone strikes attacks conducted on Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists as these people want to take revenge for these drone strikes attacks (Baker Institute, 2012). In the same blog, it’s also stated that Christopher Swift believes that people of Yemen are accepting groups such as Taliban in response to the U.S drone attacks (Baker Institute, 2012).).These researches clearly state that the U.S drone strikes attack is leading to creation of more terrorists within the nations of Afgh anistan, Yemen and Pakistan. For example, once the drone strike takes place on the basis wrong information, it may end up killing a group of innocent people who have nothing to do with the war. These people do not have any connection with the terrorists. After innocent lives are taken due to drone strike attacks conducted by the U.S., those who are related to

Write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Write up - Essay Example fasalt and marble schiet which according to Erickson were formed through heat and pressure that made them to melt miles below the sea level (Erickson 59). The rain energy played a leading role in transporting these grains. The age of this fountain formation is 300 million years and its height is approximately 10000 feet high. At the Morrinson, there were the lyons and lykins formations that were formed about 251 million years ago. With respect to color the formations comprise of green, gray and maroon clay stone as well as mudstone. This formation was necessitated by movement and deposition of grains. There is also the presence of fossil deposits including dinosaur bones. This is exemplified by their wavy layers of muddy limestone that is indicative of stromatolites. The movement of the grains is attributed to rain energy that is also responsible for the weathering process. Their size according to Erickson is 400 feet thick (Erickson 59). With respect to the period of formation, it is a bit difficult to tell because this is largely depended on the kind of sediment carried in suspension as well as how well this is deposited. A walk through the Dakota formation offered useful insights regarding sandstone formation. In this, there was a continuity of various sandstone beds located at distinct spots along the road. Also, there were different sedimentary structures. These variations in the layers imply that the process of formation is continuous and not static. Notably, each layer was formed during a specific period with the bottommost layer having been formed earlier than the topmost layer. This shows that the process of deposition is continuous and being experienced even today. This is because the rain energy that necessitated previous depositions is still being experienced in the region. This structure also offers useful information about the deposition rate experienced in distinctive years. Notably, the layers differ considerably in size. This shows that the

Policy Implementation Paper_303 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy Implementation Paper_303 - Essay Example The Head Start program is no exemption to this. This program tries to reach nearly every deprived American, especially children (Horn, 2010). Even though, the United States has a vast number of resources, it also has other matters to attend to. Hence, this limits the amount of funds that could be used in the programs. Also, there is limited financial aid to the Head Start program from other nations such as the UK, and this, as expected, limits the funds of the program (Horn, 2010). The Head Start program also faces human capital issues. This mainly refers to persons who are responsible for implementing the program or doing the ground work. For instance, getting individuals who are ready to volunteer as teachers or part-time parents is a difficult task (Horn, 2010). Finally, it also has been a difficult task of implementing the program across various cultures across America. Some cultures do not welcome the program as the government expects. This makes it extremely hard for the program to assist those who it intended to

Termination of Pregnancy on Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Termination of Pregnancy on Women - Essay Example This paper will analyse the impact such TOP's have on women from the perspective of different genres, facilitated by my work in gynae nursing and looking after women undergoing such medical conditions along with other gynae related ones. To enhance my understanding of this along with the needs of these women, I feel an urge to explore this issue in more detail with relevant research producing this article. There are eight different types of miscarriages with the following five self explanatory: threatened miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, complete miscarriage, missed miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage. Blighted Ovum occurs when the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterus but fetal development never begins. Ecotopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants itself in places other than the uterus which can cause severe maternal complications if not treated in time. The last, Molar Pregnancy, is abnormal growth of tissue within the uterus during the fertilization process. They are all generally referred to as miscarriage by most though, applicable when the fetus is lost within the first 20 weeks of gestation. Vaginal bleeding is meant to last for a week or so, on the same pattern as a normal menstruation. Light bleeding is also an after effect, known as spotting due to the clots and/or bits of tissue. As for the normal monthly menstruation cycle, it should resume after three to six weeks though. Symptoms of pain are usually centered around the lower abdominal area and may last up to two days, often resembling that pain during a womans' period. Breast discomfort may also be an after-effect, lasting for approximately a week in the form of engorgement or leaking milk. Some of the pregnancy hormones are also said to remain in the blood for about a month or two after the miscarriage. Religious and Cultural Most religions and cultures place a high value on sexual purity, privacy and modesty and the woman plays a key role due to her 'child bearer' status. In India as well as Pakistan, a womans' procreative role is a salient disappointment when failed, often leading to emotional imbalances for the weaker sex. As for small agrarian societies, the disappointment may be more pronounced due to ignorance and an anthropologically sounder footage for extremism. To Wetzel (1982) in the article 'Miscarriage: A Special Type of Family Crisis' (1987, p. 305), "Miscarriage is a special type of dismemberment; the unborn fetus occupies a limited, semi-visible role. After the spontaneous abortion, there is usually no funeral or death ritual, but loss is felt". The vagueness of the term 'life' has led to cultural uncertainty and a lack of culturally defined rituals for the miscarriage process. In fact, hospital procedures regarding the dead fetus disallow the mother to see it and furthermore, most of them end up as remains in hospital sewage. Thus, the unavailability of such ritualistic transitions

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example for Free

Hispanic American Diversity Essay In identifying the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions and statuses of Hispanic groups living in the United States (US); the following remain as the center of attention: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Columbians. While there is distinctiveness in each groups culture, their language categorizes them in one of two large groups known as Latino or Hispanic Americans. The Spanish language is communal between these groups, though all have exclusive dialects that set them apart. The commonalities and differences are not limited to just language, but span across every aspect of Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban and Columbian way of life. Today in the US millions of people classify themselves as Mexican Americans (2005). The intricate and affluent Mexican American multicultural heritage is a direct reflection of influences from such places as Spain and Mexico (2005). The unique language of Mexican Americans is no exception to influences as it is derived from a combination of Mexicos national language, Spanish, and the national language of the US, English. Although sometimes described as an under-represented group in US politics, Mexican Americans were very active in the Mexican American Civil Rights movement. This movement included a wide-rang of issues, from rights for farm workers to the right to vote (2000). As with their political status, socially Mexican Americans continually battle to fit in. Their want of having the American dream burns bright within the hearts and minds of all Mexican Americans and makes their social battle seem that much more important. Throughout the immigration history of Mexican Americans, little advancement has been made for progress from immigrant standing to mainstream social status. This is largely due to the lack of education provided and the vast amount of discrimination they received (2006). In education, another battle for Mexican Americans arises. Richard Alba (2006) stated, Huntington presents data that appear to show very low levels of Mexican-American educational advancement beyond high school, regardless of generation. A full comparison of high school education completion broken down by Hispanic origin. Note. From Bernstein, R. Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/Press-Release/www/2003/cb03-100. html Similar to the struggle noted with education, economically, Mexican Americans struggle for fair pay. During the Mexican American Civil Rights movement Mexican American economics came from the shadows to become one of the many issues faced. Today this harsh reality still burdens most all Mexican Americans. The one bright light may be their religious beliefs. Although, not always true, most churches today deliver separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners. Religion remains a very strong factor in Mexican American family and culture. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Mexican Americans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Mexico as well. This bond is so deep that some families continue to send money to their loved ones in Mexico. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans speak a derivative of Spanish as their main language. Politically, Puerto Ricans like Mexican Americans are under-represented in US politics. In fact their start in politics held them back from individualizing themselves. The progression of politics into Puerto Rican life in the US has gone from focusing on social and cultural issues in the 1950s to electoral participation and lobbying becoming the mainstay of their political ground (2003, p. 6). With all the strides Puerto Ricans have made politically, socially they have grown as well. They have integrated themselves into society, by fighting the same battles all Latinos fought: racism and discrimination. Although, they have a higher percentage of people graduating high school than Mexican Americans, they still maintain less than three quarters of Hispanic origin people. As with education and politics struggles with economics also faced most Puerto Ricans. They struggled for fair wages and equal opportunities just as all Latinos did. Today that struggle has become less but still lingers in areas where there is still racism and discrimination. Very similar to Mexican Americans, religion remains a very strong factor in the family and culture of Puerto Ricans. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Puerto Ricans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Puerto Ricans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Puerto Rico as well. The fact that all Puerto Ricans are US citizens makes family all that more important. As with Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans main language is Spanish. Similar to Mexican Americans politically Cubans are under-represented in US politics. Most are just so happy to get out of the Dictatorship they lived in Cuba they would rather not get caught up in politics at all. The strides they have made politically have helped to advance them socially, economically and in their education. Out of the Hispanic origins Cubans are the second highest only being beat by other Hispanics for High school completion. According to Jason Cato (2003), In rising to dominate the centers of power in Miami, Cuban-Americans have reversed the traditional cycles of assimilation and acculturation. Seeking freedom from the oppression of Cuba has not removed the strong ties they have to their homeland. These ties have caused Cuban Americans to adapt parts of the US culture to their own. Striving for conventional culture is not a focus. Religiously, Cuban Americans like both Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans are devout to their religion as it is a very strong factor in their family and culture. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Cubans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Cubans. Family is their way of holding on to cultures and traditions from Cuba. As with Mexican American, Puerto Rican and Cuban, Columbians also speak Spanish as their principal language. Columbian Americans are a very poor. Most migrated to the US to flee war and poverty seen within Columbia. They are often looking for work so that they can send money to their family still living in Columbia. Columbians rarely get involved in politics as they are very focused on family and making money. Work related interaction is the limit, except for other Columbians, of their social standing in the US. As with politics Columbians have very little interest in US culture. Most are here to work to send money home. With work being their main objective while in the US, they do not have time for anything else. They live on very little money and scrape to send as much over to Columbia as possible. Their wages are very low and they work long and mostly very hard hours just to get by. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans, Columbians are very strong in their religion. They have an opportunity to go to mass that is conducted in Spanish as well as practice their religion on their own. Family is so very important in a Columbian Americans life. Everything they do is to better their familys life. They have deep ties to family not only in the US but in Columbia as well. This helps them to keep their culture and heritage as strong today as it was yesterday. Everything in their culture revolves around their religion and family. When comparing different Hispanic groups, the commonalities out way the differences in almost every scenario. The Similarities range from language, religion, and family to the reasons they came to the US. They also all care deeply and have very strong ties to their homeland and continue to focus on that rich heritage. The differences are few but stem more from social status and the want to be part of the mainstream. Politics, economic and social standings all differ for each group. This is largely due to assimilation and the different level of strides that have been made over time. The groups that have had more success politically have had the opportunity to advance socially and economically. These three combined in any order lead to an opportunity of the other. The strides and struggles that these four Hispanic groups have made has cleared a path for other Hispanic origin groups to make the same journey. References Alba, R. (2006). Mexican Americans and the American Dream. Political Science Politics. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. apsanet. org/imgtest/PerspectivesJun06Alba. pdf Bernstein, R. Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/PressRelease/www/2003/cb03-100. html Cruz, J. (2003). Puerto Rican politics in the United States. Centro Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://redalyc. uaemex. mx/redalyc/pdf/377/37715101. pdf. Cato, J. (2004). Becoming American in Miami: reconsidering immigration, race and ethnic relations. Center for Latin American Studies. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from socrates. berkeley. edu:7001/Events/fall2003/11-20-03-stepick/index. html Mendoza, V. , Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. (2000). , The Journal for Multimedia History. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. albany. edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano. html.

Natural Ventilation In Buildings Engineering Essay

Natural Ventilation In Buildings Engineering Essay Proper design of energy conscious buildings requires a balance between two things: The thermal performance of the building envelope and the appropriate selection of techniques for heating, cooling and day lighting; An acceptable quality of the indoor climate in terms of thermal comfort, ventilation effectiveness or indoor air quality. Over the past years in all the western countries and more especially Europe, there has been a conscious limit of the availability of energy since the oil crisis of 1973. The main result of this crisis in term of the construction industry was therefore to reduce significantly global energy consumption, mainly used for heating and air-conditioning while neglecting its impact on the comfort and health of its occupants. During these periods, new regulations were made to regulate these, which also so the birth of real development of building research in western countries. However, these strict regulations on energy reduction in buildings was accompanied by an increasing number of disorders, mainly due to humidity condensation and the growth of mould, which affected the health of the occupants leading to SBS and building related sickness among the occupants, to overheating in the summer or in intermediate seasons, which affected the thermal comfort of the occupants and finally poor indoor air quality (IAQ) die to low air-change rates. The evolution began in the 1990s and it is now clear that energy conservation cannot be disassociated from the quality of the indoor and outdoor environment. These environmental criteria have even led to major modifications in manufacturing and technology, such as the abandonment of CFCs in HVAC. These criteria also highlight the necessity of full integration of the building site characteristics and potential in the design and this leads naturally to a focus on more integration of passive concepts on heating, cooling or more generally indoor climate conditions. (1) 1. Santamouris and Asimakopoulos, Passive Cooling of Buildings (1996) With these various aspects taken into account, natural ventilation appears to be a very attractive solution to ensure both good indoor quality and acceptable comfort conditions in many regions. Further more, natural ventilation seems to provide an answer to many complaints from users concerning mechanical ventilation, which appears to be noisy, to create health problems, to require routine maintenance and to consume energy. In contrast, natural ventilation is preferred by the occupants since it is energy efficient (no need of mechanical system), it can be easily integrated into buildings and it provides a healthier and more comfortable environment if integrated correctly. (2) Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation The magnitude and pattern of natural air movement through a building depends on the strength and direction of the natural driving forces and the resistance of the flow path. Good design involves the appropriate application of fundamental principles to the general strategies described in the following sub-sections. The driving forces for natural ventilation are wind and density difference. Wind Wind driven ventilation is caused by differences in pressures acting across the external surface of a building. The distribution of pressure depends on: the type of terrain surrounding the building (open country/city centre) and the presence of any obstructions (other buildings, tree belts etc) which provide opportunity for site layout and landscaping to enhance wind driven ventilation the wind speed and its direction relative to the building, and the shape of the building; this provides the opportunity for the architectural form and detailing to enhance the potential for wind driven ventilation. 2. Liddament, M. A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation. (1996) Air will flow through a building from areas of high surface pressure to areas of low pressure as shown in figure 2.5. In general terms, building surfaces facing into the wind will experience positive pressures; leeward surfaces and those parallel to the wind direction will experience negative pressures (suction) Source: Whole Building Design Guide Figure 2.1 Wind pressure field around a building Careful orientation of a building in relation to the topography of the site can maximise the potential for wind driven ventilation. This potential can be enhanced by landscaping, such as tree planting. Density differences Warm air is less dense than colder air. If two columns of air at different temperatures are separated by a boundary, there will be a difference in pressure across that boundary due to the different pressure gradients on either side. Normally, where it is warmer inside the building than outside, the pressure difference acts inwards at lower levels of the building and outwards at high level. When openings are placed in the boundary separating the two air columns, an upward air flow will be created through the building, exhausting warm air at high level and replacing it by cooler air at low level. This is known as the stack effect. These stack -driven flows rise vertically through a building, but will induce horizontal flows in spaces connected to the column of air rising. These horizontal flows replenish the warm air which is exhausted from the shaft. The shaft can take a variety of forms (see 2.3.3), but Figure 2.2 below illustrates the general principles associated with stack driven flows in an atrium. Source: Caroline Rock, Coventry University Fig. 2.2 Stack driven flows in an atrium Strategies for Natural Ventilation Wind and buoyancy, the driving forces for natural ventilation, may be used for different ventilation strategies: wind variation-induced single sided ventilation, wind pressure-driven cross ventilation and stack ventilation. Single-sided ventilation Single-sided ventilation relies on opening(s) being on only one side of the ventilated enclosure. A close approximation is a cellular building with opening windows on one side and closed internal doors on the other side. Single opening With a single ventilation opening in the room, the main driving force for natural ventilation in summer is wind turbulence. Compared with other strategies, lower ventilation rates are generated, and the ventilating air does not penetrate so far into the space Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.3 Single-sided single opening ventilation Double opening Where ventilation openings are provided at different heights within the faà §ade, the ventilation rate can be enhanced by stack effect. The ventilation rate will be further enhanced by any wind pressures acting on the ventilation opening. As well as enhancing the ventilation rate, double opening increases the penetration of fresh air into the space. Effective to a depth of about 2.5 times the floor to ceiling height. Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.4 Single-sided double opening ventilation Cross ventilation Cross ventilation occurs where there are ventilation openings on both sides of a space. Air flows from one side of the building to the other and leaves through for example another window or door. Cross ventilation is usually wind driven. As the air moves across an occupied space, it picks up heat and pollutants. Cross ventilation is effective up to 5 times the floor to ceiling height Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.5 Cross ventilation Stack ventilation This term is used to describe those ventilation strategies where the driving forces promote an outflow from the building, thereby drawing in fresh cool air via ventilation openings at low level. The strategy makes use of the difference in density between a column of warm air and the surrounding cooler air. Because air flows into the building at low level, then up to a high level exhaust point, great care has to be taken into account when determining the different sizes of ventilation opening on each floor of the building. For equal ventilation rates, the ventilation openings at lower floors need to be smaller than those nearer to the top of the building. The effectiveness of natural ventilation can be enhanced by designing the stack outlet to be in a region of wind-induced negative pressure. The air may flow across the whole width of the building and be exhausted via a chimney, or it may flow from the edges to the middle to be exhausted via a central chimney and or atrium. e.g. Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Fig 2.6 Stack Ventilation strategy at Lanchester Library, Coventry Fig 2.7 Air exhaust via perimeter chimneys, light wells and the central atrium at Lanchester Library, Coventry Source: Pat Non, Coventry University Double Skin Faà §ade A double faà §ade construction consists of a normal concrete or glass wall combined with a glass structure outside the actual wall. Double skin facades offer several advantages. They can act as buffer zones between the internal and external environment, reducing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. In combination with ventilation of the space between the two facades, the passive thermal effects can be used to best advantage. Opening windows in the inner skin can draw air from the buffer zone into the building. The stack effect of thermal air currents in tall buildings offer advantages over lower buildings. Night Ventilation Night ventilation is not an additional mode of ventilation; it is simply a different operational strategy. It takes advantage of the natural diurnal variations in temperature to promote cooling. Night ventilation offers many advantages like cooling the fabric of the building at night and also ventilating during unoccupied periods

Effects Of Warm Up In Learning Second Language

Effects Of Warm Up In Learning Second Language The Effects of Warm up in Learning Second Language Abstract One of the ways to learn the language better is having a good warm up activity. This paper aims to investigate the effects of warm up as a class room activity in learning second language. It is going to have a critical study, and over view of some books and essays about this activity. This paper attends to provide the definition of warm up as an activity before the lesson. Then, it is going to discover that how could warm up affect the learning process? It is probably going to find that having a good warm up activity helps students to set for the new lesson. Key words: Warm up activity, second language, learning process Introduction Warm up is one of the good methods for ESL students to learn the second language better. This paper introduces the concept of warm up as an activity which attracts students attention and helps them to focus on the topic. Literary review An interesting way of starting a lesson could be using activities called warm-up activities or ice-breakers (Robertson Acklam, 2000). Teacher could start warm up activity by using some games, asking questions and having discussions which all should be related to the topic or lesson. A warm up activity could help a teacher to recognize the different types of students learning style. According to CÃ ¡rdenas (2001), Students learn best when they can address knowledge in ways that they trust. They will learn best through doing rather than reflecting. Therefore, teacher could use different styles like play, demonstration, discussion, and totally we could say by action. A warm up activity helps students to put aside any distractions which are in their mind and focus on topic, and it helps ESL students to think in target language. According to Peterson (2010), Beginning your lesson plans with a five minute warm up can serve to focus your students on the topic, open up creative thinking and help to apply the learning in new ways. Purpose of the study This paper assesses the impact of warm up on ESL students and aims to examine the effects of this activity on the learning process. It is going to examine these questions: 1) what are the effects of warm up activity? , and 2) how could warm up affect the learning process? Which offers two hypotheses: 1) this activity may helps ESL students to think in target language (English) and focus on the language,2) this activity may just helps ESL students to put aside any distractions and maybe after awhile they will forget whatever they learned. Therefore, this paper is going to explore the answers of these two questions and then it will discover which hypotheses are right. Method In advance this paper mentions two questions which are going to explain in this section. This paper by using critical review about warm up provides the following answers to these questions; 1) What are the effects of warm up activity? This paper propounds five important effects for warm up which are explained below. 1) Create a friendly environment. A brief warm up activity can build a relationship between the students and the learning materials (Hasan Akhand, 2013).Warm up works as an ice breaker; it helps students to be comfortable with the environment and their classmates. 2) Attract students attention. Walqui (2006) states, by focusing students attention on the main ideas, teacher first prepares the students for engaging them in interactive tasks to practice (p.169). A five or ten minute warm up attracts the students attention toward the lesson and besides being physically in the class it helps them being mentally in the classroom, too. 3) Activate the students background knowledge. Rumelhart (1980) states, we comprehend something only when we can relate it to something we already know-only when we can relate the new experience to an existing knowledge structure (as cited in Carrell, 1983, p.82). Students might forget the things which they have learned from the last class or session. Hence, a warm up activity could activate their background knowledge; things they already know or learned. 4) Think in English and focus on the topic. Kay (1995) claims that warm ups are different types of activities which help the students begin to think in English, review previously introduced materials and become interested in the lesson (as cited in Velandia, 2008, p. 11). A warm up activity could help ESL students to start thinking in second language and forget any distractions and focus on the new topic or lesson. 5) Increase students participation. Warm-up activities like joke, game, and puzzle establish a positive learning environment and make the students comfortable to participate in the classroom (Joshi, 2006). When a teacher uses warm up, because of its enjoyable and interesting feature, students attends to participate or take place in that activity. Students like to be involved in such an amazing warm up activity; it builds a sense of community inside them. Now this paper answers the second question which is: 2) How could warm up affect the learning process? Learning process is facilitated through building a positive relationship with the students. A fun or interesting class largely depends on the teachers as their personality and teaching method motivate the students to raise a positive attitude towards learning (Krishnan Hoon, 2002). Because of all those effects that warm up activity has on ESL students, it is obvious that warm up task could affect the learning process, too. Following is a diagram which displays the effects of warm up task briefly. Diagram: effects of warm up activity Discussion/conclusion This paper, in the purpose of the study, states two hypotheses: 1) this activity may helps ESL students to think in target language (English) and focus on the language,2) this activity may just helps ESL students to put aside any distractions and maybe after awhile they will forget whatever they learned. The first one is acceptable because it is correct and actual, but the second one is reject able because it could help students to put away any distractions but when we use warm up activity, it is a review of what they learned. Hence, they could not forget whatever they learned. In sum up, this paper gets to the point that warm up activity is the best way for thinking in target language, setting for the new lesson, focusing on the topic, and attracting the attention. Therefore, it should be short, interesting, related to the topic, and be at the students level or slightly above (i+1) to have their effect in learning the second language. References Akther, A. (2014). Role of Warm-up Activity in Language Classroom: A Tertiary Scenario. Retrieved from http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/3553/10303010.pdf?sequence=1 Hasan, M. K., Akhand, M. M. (2013). Strategies for Enhancing the Use of Textbooks in Language Classrooms at the Tertiary Level. ABAC Journal, 33 (2), 1-14. Retrieved from http://www.abacjournal.au.edu/2013/may2013/01_StrategiesforEnhancing.pdf Pakdel Estaikhbijari, Z. Khodareza, M. (2012). The Effects of Warm-up Tasks on the Iranian EFL Students Writing Ability. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/viewFile/11691/10636 Peterson, D. (2010). Warm-Up Exercises. [Online] Available: http:// www.TeachingJobs.com (September 17, 2010) Velandia, R. (2008). The Role of Warming Up Activities in Adolescent Students’ Involvement During the English Class. Profile Journal, 10, 9-26. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1692/169214143002.pdf Walqui, A. (2006). Scaffolding Instruction for English Language Learners: A Conceptual Framework. The International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9 (2), 159- 180. Retrieved from http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/losangeles/es/series/201003-Scaffolding- Walqui.pdf Joshi, M. (2006). Diversity in Lecture-Delivery. Journal of NELTA, 11 (1-2), 1-151. Retrieved from http://nelta.org.np/uploads/files/2006.pdf Krishnan, L. A., Hoon, L. H. (2002). Diaries: listening to ‘voices’ from the multicultural classroom. ELT Journal, 56 (3), 227-239. Retrieved from http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/3/227.full.pdf+html?sid=c6d03ada-4f81-4786- 819c-78335f7f594a CÃ ¡rdenas, M. L. (2001). Responding to Childrens Learning Styles. How, 8, 17-22. Robertson, C., Acklam, R. (2000). Action Plan for Teachers a guide to teaching English. London, UK: BBC World Service. Kay, C. (1995). Scott Foresman English series. Baltimore, Maryland: Scott Foresman. Carrell, P. L. (1983). Some Issues in Studying the Role of Schemata, or Background Knowledge, in Second Language Comprehension. Reading in a foreign language, 1 (2), 81-92. Retrieved from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/PastIssues/rfl12carrell.pdf

Review of Research Paper on Metastasis of Cancerous Tumors

Introduction Early diagnosis provides the best hope many have in beating cancer. Unfortunately, this is not the end of the fight for many cancer patients. Primary tumors may be successfully treated early, only to later discover they have metastasized to other areas of the body. The common medical definition of metastasis is: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called â€Å"secondary tumors† and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. This definition could be the reason why early treatment of a primary tumor is ineffective against metastatic tumor cells. As the definition suggests, the accepted model for the metastasis of tumor cells is through clonal evolution, where secondary tumors have similar genomes to the primary tumor. Recent studies suggest, however, that this may not be accurate. Significant divergence between primary and secondary tumors in renal cell metastases and breast metastases has been discovered in recent studies. An alternative model, one of a parallel evolution, would explain why therapies aimed at primary tumors are unsuccessful against metastatic cells. Further research on this alternative model could lead to therapies that not only target the properties of the primary tumor but also those of the secondary tumor and save many from the burden of fighting cancer again. Methods This study took 386 breast cancer patients and split them into two groups. M0, patients showing cells with no metastasis, and M1 patients, those that showed metastasis and performed a genomic analysis, or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of the Cytokeratin... ... tumor cells that could potentially disseminate, mutate, change, and grow into another tumor. More emphasis needs to be put on the development of disseminated cells because the changes in their growth cannot be reflected by the genomic data obtained from the primary tumor data; as a result, they can not be dealt with in the same manner. The main idea of this study is to underscore: "the need to validate potential cellular targets for adjuvant and systemic therapies on disseminated cancer cells directly"( Cancer Cell: July 2003). The paper that is being discussed is : Gray, J.W., Evidence emerges for early metastasis and parallel evolution of primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Cell July 2003. Schmidt-Kittler, O. et al., From latent disseminated cells to overt metastasis: genetic analysis of systemic breast cancer progression. PNAS 100, 7734 (2003).

The Emperors New Clothes :: essays research papers

Recently I read one of the Hans Christian Anderson's short stories, The Emperor's New Clothes. This Danish writer in his story made such a good picture of foolish kings and governors that now-a-days are much more before. Many years ago there was an emperor who was so excessively fond of new clothes that he spent all his money on them. He cared nothing about his army, nor for people and his country, except to showing off his new clothes. One day two swindlers came to castle and said to emperor that they can weave the most beautiful stuff imaginable. Not only were the colors and patterns unusually fine, but the clothes that were made of these stuffs had the peculiar quality of becoming invisible to every person who was not fit for the office he held, or if he was impossibly dull. Emperor thought that those must be magnificent clothes, besides he should be able to discover which men in his kingdom are unfitted for their posts. Therefore he ordered to those two swindlers to make it ready for next month ceremony. Two swindlers asked such a huge amount of pure gold thread, fine silk and expensive cottons. They started their work in a separated room. They did put up two looms and all the time they just pretend to make such a fine stuff. The day and night they were busy with empty looms, but time to time they asked precious materials for emperor's new clothes. After a time, emperor sent his old minister to see what's going on. The poor old minister went there but he could not see any thing. Firstly he was worry that he could not see that stuff, but when two swindlers asked about clothes, he answered that it's magnificent. Two swindlers started to describing great patters and originality of colors and old minister paid great attention on them. After that when he back to emperor, he just repeat all swindlers words. After some times again one another person was sent to that room, but the same story happened. After all in occasion day emperor and a number of his courtiers, among them, the two faithful officials who had already seen the imaginary stuff, went to visit new clothes. No one could see the stuff, but every one was pretend to see something. Emperor himself could not see any thing but he put on that invisible stuff and finally in the street one innocent boy shouted that emperor has no clothes!

Free Narrative Essays - Canoeing :: Personal Narrative Essays

Canoeing: A to Z We were practicing methods of paddling Ruth Elvedt discusses in her book, Canoeing: A to Z. We did the side stroke, which pulls the canoe sideways. We did the back stroke, which makes the canoe reverse course. We also did the classic forward stroke to go forward. We became quite proficient in the art of spinning the canoe around in circles from combining the methods Ms. Elvedt discusses in her book. The numerous people who were floating close by laughed at us and called us idiots because of our unique practice of paddling. We interviewed Rich's uncle, Earl Keys, who claims to have floated The Current over a hundred times, prior to our departure for the river. He had warned us when we questioned him about his numerous float trips down Current River to be extremely careful when we came to a fast moving bend in the river called Wallace's Point. He said, "Wallace's Point is lined with so many root wads (root wads are clumps of tree stumps, roots, branches, leaves, and whatever else might float down the river) along the banks, and it has so many sunken canoes and sunken logs along it's main channel that safe passage through it is impossible - unless you stick to the right side of the bend." As we neared the end of a long straight away in the river, I noticed the speed of the water was increasing exponentially. A look farther down the river told me what I had been dreading this whole trip now lay before us, and we were going into Wallace's Point from the wrong side of the river! "Rich! Back-right stroke! Back-right stroke! Hurry! Don't you see that we're going in the wrong way? BACK-RIGHT STROKE!" I bellowed as a rush of excitement and worry hit me. "Hey, take it easy man. We can do this. We'll just paddle like crazy to the other side. Got it?" was Rich's unusually calm reply to my maniacal outburst. So we both put our backs into it and made it to the other side of the river; however, before we knew it we were moving faster than most people can run, and steering the canoe was becoming very

The Effects of Using Smart Phones on Teenagers and Adults Lifestyle Essay

1. Smart Phones – is a device that lets you make telephone calls, but also adds in features that, in the past, you would have found only on a personal digital assistant or a computer–such as the ability to send and receive e-mail and edit Office documents, for example. 2. Information Technology – the use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information. 3. Smartphone Addiction – abusive or overuse of smartphone; an addiction that can be destructive to social lives outside of mobile devices, including smartphones. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. How does using a smart phone affect teenagers’ and adults’ socialization? 2. How do smartphones affect communication in the work place? 3. How do smartphones affect student’s education? 4. What are the harmful effects of using a smart phone? INTRODUCTION One of the blooming fields that are sweeping our nation by storm is information technology. Every day we face new types of technology that help us communicate and interact. One of the great contributions, in information technology, was the very development computer along with the internet. These developments shaped the society, as we know it today and further contributed how we send and receive information. In our society today, everything is  moving fast and we want everything to have access to the advanced services and technology indoors and outdoors in the simplest ways. From these two things, it also influenced something as complex yet simple as a smartphone. A smartphone is a clever device with high-quality services that is portable, user-friendly, interactive and most importantly beneficial. (Rysavy 2010) Smartphones have made it possible to make simple task easy but despite of the convenience it brings, it might affect our daily lives in a negative sense. Reference: http://cellphones.about.com/od/smartphonebasics/a/what_is_smart.htm http://www.rysavy.com/Articles/2011_01_Smartphone_Efficiency http://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/blog/2013/12/19/smartphones-bad-for-eyes/

Cyclermate

CYCLERMATE REPORT I. Introduction of Cyclermate Lewis Lle considerablyyn and Dai Armstrong were the starting line-year dickens men who made a plan of opening their own fel basebornship by and by being redundant as the consequence of the closure of their towns steel fiddles in s asidehwestern Wales. Both of them be furthermosttherseeinged to the local anesthetic round touring parliamentary procedure and since then, they had become c withdraw friends.With the idea of reservation a traditional upright regular recurrence in sharp of the 1940s and 1950s, Cyclermate Ltd has been open up and quickly gained supremacy and attracted a repress of attentions of customers owing to its high quality slip a caution made harvest-feasts and word of m come forthh reputation. everywhere the adjacent 15 long time, the connection had subdued expanded and continued to be winning when persuading m whatsoever small(a) cycle supports in Wales and England to bring out or at least t o keep a stock of brochures of its products.Every issue seems to performance rather smoothly until 2010, when Cyclermate has lookd a lot of issues in terms of invent, kind-hearted resource and operation. To be specific, the demand among buyers in this field continues to fall til now equipment casualty of separately Cyclermates product has been decreased the quality of its products atomic identification design 18 no long-lived as entire as it was in the past which illust enjoind by the subjoin of complaints from customers nearly its quality and fault and the bank omnibus has expressed concern intimately the overdraft which leave cost Cyclermate a big put under if it does non solve these patronages immediately.These argon entirely both(prenominal) of the obstacles which the union has faced so in this essay, I testament crush to a greater extent snuff itly active its encumbrance and commend nigh compulsory resultant roles for Cyclermate which it to ilette assumes to digle these issues. II. Cyclermate outline 1. mug up analysis First of all, in baseball club to guide on a shit a wide vision active this beau monde, I arrest lend one and only(a)selfd SWOT as a tool to light upon and analyze the office staff of Cyclermate at the moment. As regards internal factors, one of the strength of this union which fall ins it different compargond to the a nonher(prenominal) companies is unique products.As outlying(prenominal) as I am concerned, with the organic evolution of technology, many cycle shops nowadays use a modern action twine to dispose and assemble materials. Nonetheless, the cost for this practise is rather high and about of the products allow for be the same. When it comes to Cyclermate, almost processes lease been appareltled by move on thus, staffs dissolve substantially add their creation into products and attract customers by the wide range of style of its rack.Further to a greater extent( prenominal), by using traditional method, Cyclermate have brought well-nigh new things to the food securities industry making buyers tang to a greater extent interesting, particularly when products have been sell in the market argon quite common and familiar. When it comes to the weaknesses, as almost Cyclermates products have been made by hand so mistakes and faults atomic scrap 18 inevitable. That is to say, besides the cost pro panoramasing for materials, it also has to spend slightly more for fixing service.Moreover, with the lack of employees and capital, Cyclermate has struggled in operating the association and consequently, it normally has to face the lean production selling in the market. As regards foreign factors, a commodious opportunity for Cyclermate at the very scratch line is that it produces an unfamiliar product so Cyclermate wad avoid big competitors and has a gamble to dominate the market. Besides, according to Mr. Llewellyn, at that place is w indlessness strong growths to come in the cycle market as more and more people abandon their cars hence, this is a good chance for this familiarity to r all(prenominal) to its customers.One of the most striking features which should be considered here is the sparing crisis occurring in 2008 resulted in the threat of center collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and raftturns in stock markets round the world. In many argonas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis vie a signifi force outt role in the failure of key telephone circuites, worsenings in consumer riches estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity.As the consequence, people ordain have to debate about a beginning to barely bullion and one possible way at this clock cartridge clip is reduce the usage of petrol in a nonher word, reduce using liquid transportat ion and change to physical vehicle such as bicycle. So if Cyclermate cease attracts customers and creates a habit of using bicycle among them, it definitely pull up stakes success in the future. The only threat of Cyclermate which I take to mention here is the appearance of nigh competitors in this major for poser Halfords which gained success at the moment pull down thither are many cycle shops are closing out wrongd.At the very first, Cyclermate was one of the first connection entering this field so it did non have to pay untold attention about how to deal with the new(prenominal)s competitors. Nevertheless, when the clipping passed by, many companies have noticed about this potential market so it is time for Cyclermate to try their better to gain self-confidence of customers if they do not want to lose the market to their rivals. 2. Current issues of Cyclermate a. Finance line of ferment After having an overlook about the situation of Cyclermate, the next part of my essay leave behind come closer to all the issues which Cyclermate has met.Firstly, this union has to deal with a huge raise up which comes from finance. As I mentioned onwards, Cyclermate had to reduce the cost of its product to chief(prenominal)tain sales events, costs are rising and the overdraft is increase year by year which push the company on the edge of bankruptcy. Besides, according to Ms. Barry the budget for the feeler year allow further decline and possible trading losses as the consequence of a decline in sales. Moreover, based on the get ahead instruction for the last five age, it is clearly that the finance issue of this company is in danger.To illustrated, the realize retained of the company had decreased signifi rousetly compared to the last 4 year (from ? 42734 in 9/30/2009 to ? 12724 in 9/30/2010) and it did not even pay the dividends for shareholder and the cash on hand of Cyclermate in 30/9/2010 was bonnie ? 657 put it in another words, the liq uid state of this company was too low and if there was something happen for example the banks did not test Cyclermate anymore and they wanted their money back, it could not have tolerable cash to pay for its creditors and had to mortgage its non- reliable assets hence, this company will not have enough machine or capital to run its business.In order to jockstrap the company overcome this riddle, there are some solutions which I am considered will be possible. First, according to the financial statement, even the direct sales units sell was rase than shop sales price, the profit which Cyclermate acquire from direct sale was much more higher. To be specific, in 9/30/2006, even there were just 743 units sell by direct sales, compared to 1010 units by shop sales, the revenue from the former was much more higher ( 743650 1010390 = 89050).That is to say, by reducing the products sold in shop, Cyclermate give the gate make unnecessarys and gains more money. Furthermore, in orde r to keep open the connection which suppliers after reducing the quantity, Cyclermate set up negotiate with these suppliers and propose some extra interest rate or commission so that its supplier will still remain display and sell the product of this company. another(prenominal) solution is that Dai Armstrong should allow Lewis Llewellyn to retire. The reason is that Lewis Llewellyn himself does not ordain to imprint anymore and he commonly find his work increasingly jade and stressful.Besides, although he is one of the first 2 men who established Cyclermate as well as the shareholder of the company, he himself thinks that this company should close down or should be sold for the others UK firms. If employees in Cyclermate screw what he is thinking, will they want to work for its oeuvre anymore and even they still work for this company, no one can batten that they will put 100% of their foreland on working. So let Lewis Llewellyn go seem to be the right woof at this time .However, Dai Armstrong must negotiate with Lewis about his share in the company because if he wants his money back I see that the capital of Cyclermate will not decent the standard to run its business. In my opinion, the duologue will success as these two men has a strong family and has worked with each other for such a long time so if everything is ok, Cyclermate will save a lot of money for the next coming year. b. Human resources problem There are a number of problems with the human resource of Cyclermate. First of all, it does not have enough staffs to run the business smoothly after expanding.For instance, Dai Armstrong is the chairman of the company and normally, he must takes in tutelage of operating and bookling the activity of Cyclermate and distributes a particular bloodline for his employees. Nonetheless, owing to the insufficient workforce, Dai himself still makes all the frames, using the trustworthy jigs constructed in his garage all those years ago and the in evitable thing is that he is finding it hard to keep up this level of production, both because of the physical demands of the childbed, and because of his other duties as factory double-decker and business director as regards package, it is usually interpreted by anyone who has spare time.That is to say, it cannot guarantee the productivity of the firm, especially in rush time, when the staffs cannot even happen the quantity necessity of their main duty so how can they traction another. Moreover, at the moment, the company does not have as much skillful staffs as possible in order to maintain the productivity of Cyclermate and Gwyneth Morgan is one of typically example. She usually deals with internal and external enquiries, ata entry, and other numeral tasks which is classify as paper work however the main responsibility of her job is purchasing and help company avoiding recess from stockouts hence, the work cannot picture the efficiency as expected or Ffred Gregory who i s 18 years old and quite new to the process, frequently has to work overtime to ensure that orders are met on time so that procreation him has further slowed production recently. Of course, Cyclermate still has some professional employees analogous Idris Pugh who was kick upstairsed from a local cycle repair shop.He is a perfectionist in terms of wheel compel and neer cause for any complaints but sometimes, the work were late for appointment owing to his old-age and problematic healthy. As far as solutions are concerned, I have found out some possible ones which Cyclermate can applies. At the very first, it should re- rail the staffs in the company in order to meet the requirement of their field. This train can be hold by the boss himself or skillful employees of Cyclermate so that they can not only save a bundle of money for the company but also have more time to chat and understand each other, especially newcomers.Moreover, after enrolling in this course, employees should b e guaranteed to understand their job clearly and easily to combat with the task given. Another thing which can be done is recruit some new employees for Cyclermate. This is kind of positive way at this time as a new and professional staffs can help the company find out a new and creative way to complete the task and maintain the requirement quantity and quality of the company. However, I do not highly recommend this solution as the finance issue of the company is in danger and it is hard for Cyclermate to take in some new employees at this time. c. proceeding problemThe very last problem of Cyclermate which I want to mention here is deed ones. First of all, the leader of the company does not have a clear diffusion for each staff which leads to the unstable in their job and costs a low productivity for such a long time. To be illustrated, Dai Armstrong has to take charge of many different responsibilities included the chairman of Cyclermate, the histrion who makes all the frame s of products and even a package man. With a bunch of workloads which have been handled resembling that, how can this man has time to think about a new strategy, a new plan to modify the afoot(predicate) situation of the company?And the others workers, with a number of things have been done in a short time, how can they guarantee that no mistake will be made, not mention about some study are not their professional field. Besides, as far as I concerned, before establishing Cyclermate, Lewis was just on his way up from apprentice to be chief hang around engineer while Dai had progressed from office son to a senior marketing post. That is to say, with this up-to-date position, how can they have enough management skills to lead the other in the company?Last but not least, the problem even come from the top manager of the company which is Lewis and Dai who share management of the business, though by nature of their differing roles, Lewis tends to focus more on production issues an d Dai on external relations. Like people have verbalize 1 dat khong the co 2 vua, with a different role a desire(p) that, they cannot guide their employees to a one task which is break the basic rules of a association consequently, Cyclermates staffs do not know what to concentrate on and lack of clear vision about the goal of what they have to do.When it comes to the solution, I conceive that there are some ways which can help Cyclermate improve the current situation of this company. Firstly, Dai Armstrong has to set down a clear dispersion for each position in the company. He has to reduce the multi responsibility among his workers so that they can focus 100% on their current job and maintain the productivity of each process.Secondly, as I mentioned above, If Cyclermate accepts the retirement of Lewis Llewellyn, it can concentrates deeply on a single task at the moment for example maintain the productivity or improve the quality of its products, etc which is clear so that employees will know what they have to do to meet the goal of the company. Lastly, in order to save money, save materials and still supply enough products to meet the need of customers, Cyclermate itself should considers to apply JIT method on produce the products.This method was draw by Henry Ford in his book as a production model in which items are created to meet demand, not created in surplus or in advance of need. I absolutely think that this solution will fit the Cyclermates situation well, especially when it has a huge issue with finance Thus, by calculating an exact figure of materials has been and should be used, this company can avoid the shove off associated with overproduction, waiting and excess inventory. In order to support for this method, I highly recommend the company to use Kanban card game to make JIT become more efficiency. As far as I oncerned, this Kanban card is like a label which contained a number of information about products such as name, number of units and a variety of other news that clearly conveys what must be done. By applying this card in manufacturing, especially in the situation of Cyclermate when the work of each staffs does not fix, it will help employees to control and tell apart which should be done next by analyze the color of Kanban cards for instance the white or yard Kanban cards mean that a product do not have to even out yet, the yellow ones mean that employees should start producing a goods immediately, etc.III. Recommendation After analyzing the case study about Cyclermate, I want to short letter down briefly about some potential routes which this company can follow to reach to the market. First of all, as far as I am concerned, Cyclermate has a good supplied channel who ready to labour and sell the product of the company and book of account of Mouth method seems to bring a positive chance for it to attract customers.That is to say, growing this supplied channel can help Cyclermate increase its image on the eyes of customers and there are many others retailers which have not been asked about selling Cyclermates products so this a one of a best way for this company to expand its business. Another striking feature here is that it can focus on direct sale to sell its product to buyers. This method can help the company reduce the price paid for middleman and furthermore, Cyclermate can take this chance as an opportunity to interact with customers in order to understand and identify what they really want and need.Lastly, with the significant arm of technology, marketing is now become more and more important within any corporation around the world to get and attract buyers. However, this way seems to be bury by Cyclermate indicated in the meetings report that the marketing activity of this company in recent year is quite rare. As the consequence, Cyclermate can spend some of the money saved from firing Lewis Llewellyn and profit retained to improve this activity to coat up its status and advertise a great hand-made bicycle to customers. IV. ConclusionCyclermate Ltd, in my opinion, is a brave company as it does not follow the trend of current market but identifying and having its own idea to manufacture a unique product, even in a harsh time like this. However, it has met a number of issues when trying to give out its business which I have mentioned above. In the future, there will be a lot of difficulties which this company has to handle. Having said that, with all the ideas and solutions which I have noted down in my essay, I strongly believe that it is possible for Cyclermate to recover and strengthen as it did in the past.